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Direct regression and modular pipelines show opposite strengths in spacecraft pose estimation

November 10, 2026arXiv: 2611.09717v1

Two independently built event‑camera systems were compared on the SPARK 2026 benchmark for 6‑DoF spacecraft pose estimation. The direct‑regression network predicts translation and rotation in one pass, using a global voxel for translation, a cropped view for rotation, and a physics‑motivated scale cue. The modular pipeline first detects 2‑D keypoints with HRNet, adapts the model with CycleGAN and DANN, pulls the pose with EPnP+RANSAC, and smooths it over time with an EKF. In the hidden‑test protocol the direct system achieved a relative translation error of 0.1335 m, an orientation error of 0.9101 rad, a composite score of 1.0436, and full 100 % coverage. The modular system achieved a lower translation error of 0.0285 m but a higher orientation error of 1.1767 rad, a composite score of 1.2052, and also 100 % coverage. These numbers illustrate a component‑wise reversal: direct regression reduces orientation error by 22.7 % while modular processing reduces translation error by 78.7 %. Because the benchmark adds a unitless translation error to a radian rotation, the ranking is dominated by orientation, explaining why the direct system tops the leaderboard despite its larger position error. The results motivate a hybrid design that would couple direct orientation estimation with geometry‑constrained translation recovery.

Diagram of the direct‑regression pose estimator showing a global input that feeds a translation branch and a cropped input that feeds a rotation branch, linked by a scale cue.
Figure 1. Direct‐regression network architecture: separate translation and rotation branches act on a global event voxel and an adaptive crop, respectively, with an apparent–scale cue and synthetic corruptions.Janga, Pruthvi Nandan, Kota, Kashyap Hegde, Chakravarthi, Bharatesh · arXiv:2611.09717v1 · Figure 1: · CC BY 4.0
Table comparing relative translation error, orientation error, and composite score for the direct and modular systems on the SPARK 2026 benchmark, all at 100 % coverage.
SystemConfigurationCov.ER↓ET↓EP↓
Published SPADES baselines [28]
DirectMobileNet-V3-L [12], no adapt.73.32%1.41600.05131.4673
ModularHigherHRNet [7] + BPnP [6], no adapt.17.27%1.37850.03341.4119
Independently developed SPARK submissions
ModularHRNet, no adaptationAll1.91370.04121.9549
ModularSubmitted full systemAll1.17670.02851.2052
DirectSubmitted full systemAll0.91010.13351.0436
Table 3. SPARK 2026 hidden‑test results: the direct full‑system achieves relative translation 0.1335 m, orientation 0.9101 rad, composite 1.0436; the modular full‑system achieves translation 0.0285 m, orientation 1.1767 rad, composite 1.2052, both with 100 % coverage.Janga, Pruthvi Nandan, Kota, Kashyap Hegde, Chakravarthi, Bharatesh · arXiv:2611.09717v1 · Table 3: · CC BY 4.0

Fact IDs: f1, f2, f3, f4

Source paper

Direct Regression and Geometric Recovery for Event-based Spacecraft Pose Estimation

Computer Vision
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